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Metin Rhawi |
This is a full transcript, in the original English,
of my conversation with Metin Rhawi, of the European Syriac Union, about the
situation in the Ninevah Plain and expectations for after the liberation of
Mossul. The interview was used for several articles on the subject.
Esta é uma
transcrição completa, no inglês original, da minha conversa com Metin Rhawi, da
União Siríaca Europeia, sobre a situação na Planície de Nínive e as
expectativas para depois da libertação de Mosul. A entrevista foi usada para uma série de artigos sobre o assunto.
Could you please introduce yourself and your organization?
I am
head of Foreign Affairs for the European Syriac Union. What we do basically is
advocacy for the Chaldean/Syriac/Assyrian people in our homeland, Old
Mesopotamia, or Bet-Nahrain, as we call it, today Iraq, Turkey, Syria, parts of
Lebanon and parts of Iran.
Our work
is basically trying to raise the issue and the situation for this minority who
have been the indigenous people of this region for the past 8.000 years or
something. The situation for Christians is currently very crucial, losing
almost everything they had, many having gone abroad.
Originally
I was born in the Southeast of Turkey, in Midyat, and I belong to the Syriac
Orthodox Church. But among our people we also have the Chaldean Church, the
Apostolic Chuch of the Assyrians, the Maronite, the Melkite Church and the
Orthodox... So there are many denominations.
How familiar are you with the situation in
Iraq? Do you travel there frequently?
I have
been in Iraq four times in the past one and a half years, and once to Syria.
Unfortunately I couldn't make more trips to Syria because they closed the
border from Iraq, so we need to go through the regime controlled airports in
Syria, and that is not possible for me because I have taken a stance against
the regime in Syria.
So I am
well informed and I have seen with my own eyes and I have a network of
political parties, NGOs, different associations and military militias in Iraq.
Why is there so much division among Christians?
I counted 12 political parties and several militias.
I don't know
if you could necessarily call this division, these are political views of the
current situation, or at least how to solve the current situation, and as
within any country or nationality you have many political views, many parties,
among our community we have also many parties, at least 13 or 14 parties, so
even more than the ones you discovered, and five of them have their own
militias. I think this is due to the fact that you have the Baghdad regime on
one side and the Kurdistan Regional Government controlled by Kurdistan Democratic
Party on the other. These local politics are benefiting from the situation when
you have political groups which are split, rather than joining forces.
In this
case they can, at any time, play the situation against each other and this is
what we are facing, unfortunately they are giving us some kind of hope from
different sides, and at the same time our community, and the political parties,
are in really great need of doing something for the people who have been tossed
around in different directions, in order to reach their goal, to give something
to the people, some kind of security and hope for the future in their homeland.
Then you
see the big policies between these big nations who are interfering, Iran with
the Shia concept, Turkey with the Sunni concept, and the Syrian regime and the
United States and Russia, so it is quite puzzling situation and you need to
have all the facts, trying to understand why these communities are so divided.
But you would agree that it is negative for the
aspirations of the community to have so much political division?
It is,
in one sense, if you don't have a common strategy and agenda, of course it is.
Today what we can see with these political parties, different members of the
European Parliament, different political associations and foundations, and us,
we have reached an agreement between all of them among the community to have
some common demands for the Nineveh Plain.
For
instance, we are starting to have the same agenda in some very important and
common issues, and that is the positive thing today that I would like to focus
on. But of course it is quite frustrating that there are so many different
factions within a small community like ours, because from two million ten years
ago, we are today close to 400 thousand. So we can understand that we should
not be so divided, because we are losing the grip, while discussing among
ourselves what to do as the next step.
After the liberation of Mosul, do you expect to
see conflict between Baghdad and Kurdistan over the disputed areas?
As for
the “disputed areas”, that is their term, but we don't agree with it... The
Nineveh Plain is not a disputed area, even though Baghdad and Erbil many times
tried to make it appear so, this is the land of our ancestors since many
thousands of years back. Bartella city has been home to Syriacs since about 5,000
years before Christianity, so how can it be a disputed area?
But,
having said that, what is actually happening on the ground today is that you
can see the regime trying to take the Northeastern part of the Nineveh plain,
and the Peshmerga controlling the Southeastern part, so they have already, more
or less, in practice, split the region, so now for us as Christians it is very
important to really make it obvious that the Nineveh Plain is not open to be
divided by these two political powers of Baghdad and Erbil.
As for
the future, whether they are going to have an armed fight, I don't know, that
is difficult for us to say. Until now they have been quite good at talking,
they respect each other, but you never know... They have had ISIS in their
faces for two years, what will happen in the future is very difficult to say.
But for us, at least, we know that they are interfering on the ground, in a
region which belongs to us and which they call a disputed area.
However,
you can also say this is a totally disputed area, because even Turkey talks
about being involved, so it is quite a difficult situation...
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Miliciana cristã acende velas numa igreja no Iraque |
So can I gather that you would prefer to see
the Nineveh Plains not directly under the control of Baghdad or Erbil, but autonomous?
The
situation in all of Iraq and also in Kurdistan is a great lack of democratic
process. It is still the strong people who make decisions, there is empowerment
of powers which are already quite strong and the local minorities are more or
less powerless. So what we need to do is work to empower the local minorities,
like the Yezidis, like the Shabaks, the Turkmen and the Assyrians, in order to
have this autonomous region together, with different provinces within it.
Whether it is going to be connected to Baghdad or to Erbil… I think this is a
question of what the law says in Iraq today. Obviously it should be closer to
Baghdad, but with very good relations with Erbil.
In our
opinion we should have an open book with each other as a province or autonomous
region both with Erbil and Baghdad and explain that this region can be an
autonomous region. The ministers’ council of Baghdad, two years ago, declared
that the Nineveh Plain can be an autonomous region for the
Chaldean/Assyrian/Syriac community, but we have not seen anything more than
talk. Erbil shows the same willingness: "If the community want their
freedom and self-government in an autonomous region in the Nineveh plain, we
will help them”, but still we cannot see more than one autonomous region and
that is Kurdistan, and the rest is Iraq.
So we
hope, really, that all this talk becomes real policy and for this we need the
support of the United States and the European Parliament to support this region
becoming an autonomous region, with the good help of Kurdistan and the very,
very good help of Baghdad.
In the
future, how it develops, I truly don't know, because you never know, in this
region, what is going to happen a year from now, it is very difficult to say.
This scenario you described only seems to work
if Kurdistan remains in Iraq. If Kurdistan becomes independent and the
Christians are forced to choose between joining an independent Kurdistan or
remaining in Iraq, what do you think the majority would choose?
I think
it is very difficult today to say, and it would not be good for me to do that.
I think
it is quite obvious that the Chaldean/Assyrian/Syriac people are in great need
of support from both places. Even if Kurdistan declare themselves an
independent country and sovereign state, for us the issue is to have good
relations with Kurdistan, as a country, and also with Iraq, as a country. In
that case we would have borders with both Erbil and Baghdad, so for us that is
the big policy of the local strong powers today, what they decide to do and how
they decide to do it, unfortunately there is a risk that could go to civil war,
of course, because it would be a civil war, Kurdistan is an autonomous region
in Iraq.
So it is
quite difficult. I don't know which side people would like to choose, because
unfortunately we have bad experience today from both sides.
Many
people tend to think of the time when Saddam was ruling the country as a more
peaceful time than today, although they knew he was a dictator. So you are
familiar with the situation in Iraq and you can understand that the situation
today is not good. Everybody was treated very badly under Saddam, but today it
is not everybody, but certain groups are treated worse than others, certain
groups are not given democratic rights, certain groups are not being defended
the right way, certain groups have to rely on themselves even if they are not
powerful enough. And if you take their powers from them, more and more, their
situation is going to be very frustrating.
The more recent waves of persecution of
Christians in Iraq have come from the Islamic State, but I remember at the time
the people said that the ones who had taken their houses, were not IS, they were
their Arabic neighbours. So it would seem that in the more recent years the
more severe persecution came from the Sunni majority, whether Islamic State or
the local Arabs. But I have also spoken many Christians from the region, many
of whom off the record, and I asked them if they trust the Kurds, despite the
fact that they fled to Kurdistan and the Kurds were the only ones who seemed
determined to fight IS on the ground. And many of them answered saying that
they remember that the Kurds also persecuted them in the past, so they are
cautious. Is this your feeling as well, is there a feeling of suspicion between
the Christians and the Kurds, or is this something of the past...
When you
are looking forward to the future and to establish something you have trust in,
and believe in for the future, you calculate with the past and your accumulated
knowledge of what happened.
Of
course we have very, very bad experience from each other. Both Arabs, Sunni and
Shia or Kurds. In the Ottoman Empire, when Iraq was part of it, there were also
Kurds persecuting us, as well as Arab Sunnis and Arab Shia. So I don't know
today if we need to bring all those fears with us into the future, but at least
we should know that this happened, not forget it, but we should forgive and
continue to build a future together, along with the people living there,
because obviously we cannot expel the people from there, the majority living
there are Arab Sunni or Arab Shia or Kurds, so what we have to do is
reconciliation.
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Igreja vandalizada no Iraque |
This is
really important and we are working with that as the European Syriac Union
also, along with other communities there, it is important to trust in the
future, to trust in each other, what the Kurds and the Peshmerga did during the
Islamic State invasion of the Nineveh Plain… Of course without them we would
probably have lost everything, so we have to be thankful for that. But at the
same time we know that they could obviously have done more for us, they could
be standing there in the frontline, they could have given us weapons to defend
ourselves along with them and probably, together, we could have fought ISIS
before they became stronger, but to go into that issue of how and for what
reason did ISIS become stronger and have the possibility to become stronger, as
they have been for the past two years, that is a question which will take us
too long to answer... And there are many conspiracy theories to look into of
course...
Obviously
people on the ground, whether Sunni or Shia, have also hurt us and whether Kurds
or Arabs, they have also hurt us, but we need to trust in each other in some
way, because we will be neighbours anyway, we need to build a common future
together and that can be done with respect and democracy. And that quality type
of living today does not exist in Iraq, nor in Kurdistan, really, because you
can feel the tension, I have been in Kurdistan many times, and you can feel the
tension, where you feel that you are not a first rate citizen, because you are
not Kurd, because you are Chaldean, Syriac or Assyrian. And because you don't
feel you belong to a strong party, because parties dominate Kurdistan today.
More than the government dominating Kurdistan, it is the KDP that dominates
Kurdistan. And that is also an issue...
What we
would like to have is Mr. Barzani should stand up and say OK, if this is what
the Chaldean/Syriac/Assyrians want, this is not a disputed area, this is your
area, we give it over to you, we can help you, in what way do you need help
from us?
And the
same thing from Baghdad, because they have a decision from their ministers’
council from two years ago, they should say the thing: This is what you want,
tell us how we can help you.
And
then, I think the European Parliament, the United States Government and even
the Russians would understand that this is ok, this is a good situation where
we can also be supportive and find common solutions.
Of the five different militias that I found in
my research, the Nineveh Plain Forces, the Nineveh Plain Protection Units,
Dwekh Nawsha, Qaraqosh Protection Committee and the Tiger Guards... Are some of
these considered pro-Kurd and others Pro-Baghdad?
In the
end, whether they like to say that or not, some of us must be more pro-the side
that gives us the permission to be a military militia.
The
Nineveh Plain Units answer to the Government of Baghdad, the Ninevah Plain Forces
are from Peshmerga ministry, from the Kurdistan region. This is why we operate
in different places. If we belong to Peshmerga, obviously we cannot move in the
areas where Baghdad moves, and vice versa.
Dwekh
Nawsha is unfortunately a very, very small group and there are also the Nineveh
Plain Guards Protection Units from Barzani's side also, the Chaldean Syriac
Assyrian Popular Council. That is pro-Kurdistan, more obviously than the
others.
Then you
have the Syriac Falcons, newly established, by Salwon Momika, of the Syriac Democratic
Union who was held hostage for almost two weeks recently, in fights. He
established himself as a political party and also militia. The first movement
within the Syriac Chaldean Assyrian group established in the liberated areas,
and he faced problems, of course, and he was held captive, but now he was
released.
But what
is not working there, what we are obviously being stopped from, we made it
clear to our militias, on behalf of the Syriac European Union, and along with
Mr. Lars Adaktusson, that we need to find a common agenda for the military
unification also, in order to become an army for the Nineveh Plain in the
future. But of course neither Baghdad nor Erbil like this, and that is obvious.
Maybe they don't like me to say that, but I will do it anyway.
Related: "Kurdish independence is necessary to avoid further atrocities"