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The Patriarch in Fátima |
This is a full transcript, in the original English, of my interview with His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III, of the Syriac Catholic Church. News story (in Portuguese) can be read here.
Esta é uma transcrição integral, no inglês original, da minha entrevista ao Patriarca da Igreja Católica Siríaca. A reportagem pode ser lida aqui.
What brings you to Portugal?
This is
my first visit to Portugal. I have wanted to make such a pilgrimage to Our Lady
of Fátima for several years. We organised this trip for prayer, to pray to her
for peace in the Middle East. I did the same thing three years ago when I
organised another pilgrimage to Lourdes, in France. So it is a trip of hope, of
renewed veneration to the Mother of the Lord, the Virgin Mary, whom we venerate
very much in the East.
Is devotion to Our Lady of Fátima widespread
among the faithful in your church?
Not really,
not as much as to Our Lady of Lourdes, but we will work on it. We are finishing
the first church dedicated to Our Lady of Fátima in Lebanon. Actually we, the
Syriac Catholic Church, have also the first church dedicated to Our Lady of
Fátima in Syria, which is in Damascus. It was dedicated forty years ago. So we
try surely to spread the devotion to Our Lady of Fátima since hers was
especially a message of peace, hope, penance and return to the Lord, which we
very much appreciate in these times of darkness which surrounds all aspects of
life in the Middle East, in particular Syria, Iraq and Lebanon.
Five years after the beginning of the war in
Syria, how do you assess the current situation?
We are
all devastated, especially by this hypocritical agenda of the Western
politicians. They don't care for anything besides their own interests. I just
read about the visit of the second ranking person in Saudi Arabia, the son of
the present King, to France. He was welcomed with tremendous respect by the
French President and everybody knows that these kind of relations are based on
– it’s very sad to say – a Machiavellian agenda, for the interests of both
countries, without thinking about the many infractions and retrograde regime
which is not even accepted by the family of civilised nations because of the
lack of respect for Human Rights.
We are
so sad to see that we have been forgotten. Christian minorities have been
living in the region for Millennia and we have been forgotten by the so called
civilised Western nations. The same ones which pretend to protect the charter
of human rights and democracy, equality and religious and civil liberties.
How often do you travel to Syria?
I was
born in Syria. As you know, unlike his eminence Manuel III [Patriarch of
Lisbon] who is a Patriarch merely in title, we as patriarchs of Eastern
Churches are the heads of Churches sui iuris,
so the Patriarch is a spiritual head and has to visit his flock, his church,
wherever they exist.
So I was
recently in Sweden for two weeks, to inquire about the situation of our
emigrants, especially those who were forced to flee Syria and Iraq. It's not
easy for us.
I
usually travel at least once a month to Syria, but not to every spot in Syria.
I am tied to Damascus, Homs and the Coast. The other regions, like the North-eastern
region, Aleppo, Hassakeh, it is not possible for me to travel.
Your brother Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church
survived an assassination attempt just one week ago. Are you constantly under
threat?
I think
we all, in the Middle East, live a kind of threat and we can't just say that we
have to avoid those threats, or we won't fulfil our spiritual and pastoral
duties. Of course, we were so sad to hear about that attempt, and I did call
him, we spoke right after it, and we keep always in touch, we encourage each other,
we try to do our best to fulfil our responsibilities.
In this occasion, his life was saved by the
intervention of members of Sutoro, a Christian militia which works closely with
the Kurds. Is there a place for Christian militias in Syria?
I do not
agree with this terminology, saying that there are militias. There are
Christian groups which want to defend their villages, their towns, because they
did endure attacks by the Islamic State and those terrorists and many were
killed or kidnapped or forced into Exodus. So we encourage our people to defend
themselves within the legal army or security forces. We don't speak about
militias which go out and fight others, like their neighbours, or take part in
conflicts outside the areas where they live.
But in
Iraq or in Syria, for example, it is not possible for the government or army to
be everywhere, because the sectarian war has been going on and on for years, so
the people have a duty to defend themselves. Both the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch
and myself agree that we have to stand up to defend lives, families, women,
children from being slaughtered like sheep in these savage attacks.
Therefore
I am not talking about militias as they are usually described. We don't have
militias, we have people who want to defend themselves, their houses and their
villages.
Some Christian groups advocate for autonomy in
majority Christian areas in Iraq and Syria, mainly in the Nineveh plains. What
is your opinion on this?
Let's
take each country separately. In Iraq there is no longer anywhere where our
people can exist in dignity and liberty other than in a safe zone. There is no
one description of what that safe zone would be. Usually one speaks about a
kind of province, where Christians and minorities, in the Plain of Nineveh,
could live together.
Still
now, in Iraq, we have the Plain of Nineveh, where the majority are Sunni Arabs
and minorities like Christians, Yazidis, Shabaks and Kurds are not accepted as
citizens with full rights. They have been tolerated, so we have been talking
about a kind of safe zone, like a province, or a zone which would be
decentralized, that is, under the protection of the United Nations for at least
about 10 years, until we find a way for real coexistence between various
ethnic, confessional and religious groups.
So we
are not talking about an autonomous region, this would be unrealistic. We are
talking about a kind of safe zone either dependant on the central government in
Baghdad, or on Kurdistan. Until now we don't know which of these will control
the plain of Nineveh. But for humanitarian reasons we do need some kind of
international protection, otherwise the Plain of Nineveh, which is the cradle
of Christianity in Mesopotamia, will be empty and when it is empty it will not
be for a period of time, but forever, because usually Christians and others don't
feel safe when they are not accepted as full rights citizens by a majority
which mixes religion and state. That is why we need this kind of international
supervision or protection.
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Patriarch Ignatius Joseph celebrates
mass in Fátima, with Syriac pilgrims |
When ISIS really rose up and took Mosul and
much of the Nineveh Plain, Kurds were the only ones who immediately resisted
the jihadists and gave protection to the Christians. But since then I have also
heard grumblings from some local Christians that the Kurds are really more
interested in consolidating power than sharing it with Christians, Yazidis and
other minorities. Your thoughts?
As you
just said, Christians and other minorities had no other safe option than to get
to Kurdistan, because Kurdistan was a nearby region where they could find
refuge. The Islamic State fighters and others used to control all other areas.
Now, of
course we all know that the Kurds want their own autonomous country, or
territory. We will have to recognise that they have the right to have their own
autonomous and independent region, or state. The problem is that many of those
who are talking about this very delicate issue think that Kurds had to
sacrifice themselves for others. It wasn't so simple. They were on the front line
with the Islamic State fighters and they had to defend their own autonomous
region, with a long front, about 800 kilometres, so it wasn't easy.
Now we
don't know what will happen in the future, because we are talking about
minority groups like Christians which, it is very sad to say, are not drawing
the interest of the super powers or nations, especially of the Western World.
So we have been left alone. Where to go? Baghdad has been almost half-emptied
of its Christians, and we have no other option than the plain of Nineveh or
Kurdistan. We need to go back to our motherland, the Plain of Nineveh, and to
live peacefully with others.
So who
is going to give us the assurance that we can live in equal rights with the
majority? We need the help of the international community to tell the central
government of Baghdad and the Kurdish government that these small communities,
the minorities, have the right to live in their own land, with the dignity of
human beings and they have to provide them with the conditions for a right to
live in dignity.
This is
in Iraq. In Syria we can't talk about an autonomous region, because Christians
are, or were, spread in almost every spot in the country and we didn't have these
kind of attacks against Christians as such, but because we have been left, in
some areas, alone, and the army of the country could not help to defend
everywhere, not only Christians, but also people from other religions or
confessions who have been attacked.
Christians
mostly feel that they have to be with their compatriots of other religions, and
just focus on civil rights issues to build again a nation with equal
citizenship amongst all, to build a civilised country for the future. So we try
especially to explain to the international families, the tragedies of our
people, especially the Christians, in Iraq, to help us stay in our land, and
the first condition for that is to be given international protection.
Many people expected the conflict to spill over
into Lebanon, but until now, things have been relatively peaceful. To what can
we attribute this?
Lebanon,
as you well know, has had its share of suffering and civil war in the 70's,
late 80's and early 90's. So I think because the Lebanese learned that internal
conflict is not going to help anyone and, therefore, they learned that they
have to find a way to live together in a kind of peaceful manner and trying to
stay far away from the regional conflicts, especially in Syria.
But, as
you well know, the confessionalism and sectarianism, the hidden animosity
between Sunnis and Shia, didn't help to keep Lebanon out of those regional
conflicts. And in my opinion that is because you have a fear that if the
Lebanese get involved in this kind of sectarian war it is not going to profit
anyone, it will be very bad for everybody and, therefore, with the help of the
international nations, either in the West or in the East – that means Europe,
America and Russia – Lebanon was somehow spared this kind of conflict. But we
still live in a kind of very tense situation, because of the interference from
outside.
Most Western countries have grown suspicious of
Russia and their interference in other countries, such as in Syria or in the
Ukraine. But how do Christians in Syria and other regions, in your experience,
see the intervention of Russia in the civil war? Do they see the Russians as liberators
or aggressors?
I think
most Christians, either in or outside of Syria, see in the military
intervention by Russia a kind of deliverance, not only for Christian
communities but also for the whole Syrian people, of all religions and
confessions, because for the first three years, at least, there was no such
intervention from Russia in Syria, we had mostly Western intervention, through
the regional countries, Turkey and the Gulf States, supporting, financing and
arming the so called opposition – and we still remember what Obama said about
that opposition, that there was no moderate opposition – but for Machiavellian
interests they kept hammering Syria and calling the Government illegitimate,
while we see that it is recognised by the international community and the
United Nations.
Until
now, the agglomerate media of the West keep hammering on Syria and want to
destroy the country, pretending that the cause of all evils is Bashar al-Assad,
which is not true, and therefore, Christians saw, in the Russian intervention,
a kind of salvation of Syria, because already Syria was half destroyed before
the intervention of the Russian army. And although Russia, of course, have
their own geopolitical interests, they have been more clear and transparent in
helping the Syrian government and the Syrian people, because otherwise there
would have been a hecatomb and who knows when it would have ended, because the
whole conflict in Syria was based on confessionalism. It is a lie, what they
used to say in the West, either in France, the USA or England, that it was a
kind of popular rebellion against the dictatorship.
We know
that there was a dictatorship, but what kind of alternative did we have in
Syria? We had the alternative of the Islamic State. And there were lies spread
that the Government created the Islamic State. It is a surreal lie, but this is
the agglomerate media, they can very much manipulate the public opinion.
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The group of Syriac pilgrims after mass in Fátima |
The Pope was just in Armenia where he once
again described the massacres of Armenians as genocide. But the victims were
not only Armenians, were they?
We feel
very close to the Armenian brothers and sisters, the Armenian people and
Church, because we have been persecuted and killed and exposed to genocide like
them, 100 years ago and many times before and after that.
You well
know that what used to be called Asia Minor, present day Turkey, was well
populated by Christian communities, either Greek, Armenian, Syriac, Assyrian...
And now we can't anymore speak about a Christian presence, it is a very, very
tiny minority left.
So we
are the same, we feel the same as our Armenian brothers and sisters, because we
have been not only decimated, we have been exposed to genocide. We don't exist
anymore in Turkey... We have 10 to 20 thousand Syriacs, especially in the South
and South Eastern region of Turkey. We had existed with important numbers,
churches, monasteries, villages, and they don't exist anymore.
So we
are very grateful to Pope Francis for having made this trip to be close to
these people. We don't have a Syriac country, we don't have the huge numbers
which lobby Western nations to think about us, but we still live in hope that
the time will come when the international family will be closer to us and think
about our survival, because we are left as the only communities which were very
close to the primitive Church. Jesus, the blessed Mother, the apostles, they
didn't speak Latin or Greek, they spoke Aramaic.
And I
told the bishop of Leiria and Fátima that I would like to have also that verse
of the gospel engraved in the new Basilica in Aramaic/Syriac, the language of
Jesus and the Blessed Mother. I told him I'd send him the text. [A glass panel
by Canadian artist Kerry Joe Kelly, in the Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity,
in Fátima, is engraved with four biblical sentences in about 25 languages]
So this
is our destiny, rather, it is our vocation, to be real martyrs, that is, witnesses
to the gospel and also to shed our blood for Jesus.
Christians in the Middle East are divided into
many different churches. Does this division weaken the Christian witness and
voice, or is the diversity something to be valued?
I think
we have to take it both ways.
Does it
weaken? Surely it weakens. Because it is very sad to recall that in those
regions where a Muslim majority has the rule, numbers are very important. The
kind of rights of minorities are not the same as in civilised nations. Whatever
they say, the best they can do is tolerate the existence of non-Muslim
minorities. Therefore, when we are, let’s say, divided into more than one
church, it is not seen as a richness for the majority.
For us,
we say it is a richness, because of those traditions and the patrimony which go
back to early Christianity and which enriches the Universal Church and even
humanity. But therefore, especially in these times when we have this kind of
fanaticism – not only attributed to the majority but it is a fact that the
Muslim majority rely mostly on numbers, and as you know they have the notion of
the Umma, the Islamic nation, from the Far East to the Far West they are all considered
one nation, and this way they can, I think, blackmail the Western civilised
countries and spread fear wherever they are, because of their numbers. Besides
that you have also the oil resources and now the third element is the terrorism
factor, they spread that fear among the civilised world.
So,
again, being various churches, would be a richness if we were living in times
where every human being would be respected, no matter the numbers or religion.
But these times, where the majority wants to impose itself, it is a weakness.
How do you see Europe's response to the refugee
crisis?
Since
the beginning we have opposed the forced emigration for people or individuals.
Especially for us it is a big threat to our survival, because the ones who
emigrate do not return. Therefore, for us, migration is a very dangerous
phenomenon.
The way
European countries have handled this kind of migration was not the right way,
because they didn't look at the roots of this migration, they instigated
violence in Syria for the past five years, or more, and in Iraq they kept
silent about the way the US handled the Iraqi question.
There we
also see manifest hypocrisy and Machiavellianism in the way the European
politicians handled that question. Because until the tragic death of Aylan, the
little child, back in early September, they didn't care and they could find a
way to keep the Syrian refugees, around two million of them, mostly in Turkey,
with a kind of agreement between European countries and Turkey.
But
after that tragic death, the media did talk about it and the European countries
were kind of lost, they didn't have the right policies. We don't want that kind
of migration based on forced and on sectarian wars. They should have done more
to bring more peace to Syria and find a way for the Government of Syria and the
opposition to find the best solution for the future. But we know the immediate
geopolitical interests and now they have to face that kind of hundreds of
thousands of migrants and they don't know how to handle this.
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Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III and
D. António Marto, bishop of Leiria-Fátima |
I think
this is a kind of very wrong policies they followed. And we have said, since
the beginning... It's not just the Patriarch being idealistic... We have said,
since the beginning, please do not compare the situation in Syria to that in
Egypt and Tunisia. In Syria the situation is much more complex, because we have
ethnic, religious and confessional diversity, many minorities, and we have to
find a way to stop the fighting, and whatever solution would be better than
instigating that conflict.
But they
have their own agenda. Since the beginning we have said that and now we are
harvesting the results of these policies.
In regard to Eastern Catholic Churches, some
complained that the Eastern Catholics were treated almost as second class
citizens, due to issues such as the authority of Patriarchs outside of their
traditional homelands, ordination of married clergy abroad, etc. Are things
different with Francis?
There is
no doubt that things have been changed, and they have to be changed gradually
in a better understanding of the nature of Eastern traditions and the authority
of Patriarchs. We keep telling the Holy See that Patriarchs are the head of
their Churches and as such they have the right to take care and minister to
their church communities wherever they are, be it in the Middle East or in the
Western countries.
I think
Pope Francis understands our grief and our needs very well, especially in these
times where we have been threatened in our own survival in some of the
countries in the Middle East, like Syria and Iraq, and we don't have any
alternative but to follow our people and to give them the spiritual and
pastoral ministry they need. Surely it is not going to be easy, but we keep
fighting for this goal, because we think it is quintessential for our survival.